The path of philosophy of the XIX-XX centuries (Trans. From German by M. D. Kultaeva, V. I. Kebuladze, V. M. Terletskyi): Kyiv, Duh i Litera, 2010, 368 p.

The book by the well-known historian of philosophy Wolfgang Röd presents a broad panorama of the historical development of world philosophy during the 19th – 20th centuries (from the end of classical German philosophy to the present day). This volume, like the one before it, The Path of Philosophy: From the 17th to the 19th century (K., 2009), is the author's summary of the fundamental 14-volume history of philosophical thought prepared by Professor Röd. The text successfully combines conceptuality and depth with clarity, conciseness and stylistic skill of presentation. In addition to a thorough coverage of all significant philosophical phenomena and events since the mid-nineteenth century, this edition contains a separate essay on the development of philosophy in recent decades, written by W. Röd specifically for the Ukrainian publication and absent even in the last German reprint in 2009. Due to the range of its topics, the book is of interest not only to philosophers, political scientists, historians, and lawyers, but will also be useful to anyone who is not indifferent to the twists and turns of science, society, and culture of the 19th – 20th centuries.

CONTENTS

Wolfgang Röd : the path of a philosopher

Part three: Philosophy of the 19th century after the crisis of idealism

I. Materialistic reinterpretation of Hegelianism

1. Hegelian school
a) Right- and left-wing Hegelians
b) Ludwig Feuerbach

2. Karl Marx
a) Life and works
b) The ideal of a communist society
c) Basic ideas of economic theory

3. Friedrich Engels
a) Establishment of dialectical materialism
b) Theory of knowledge and ontology
c) Dialectics in history

II. Naturalistic and anti-naturalistic trends of the 19th century

1. Old positivism
a) Auguste Comte
(1) Comte and the emergence of positivism
(2) Stages of human development and the hierarchy of sciences
(3) "Positive" religion
b) John Stuart Mill
(1) Formation of English positivism
(2) The logic of induction
(3) Utilitarian morality
(4) Liberal concept of the state

2. Naturalistic trends
a) Materialism under the influence of natural science
b) Spencer's synthetic philosophy

3. Spiritualist counter-movement

4. Spiritualist criticism of idealism
a) Bernard Bolzano
b) Trendelenburg
c) Franz Brentano
d) Wilhelm Wundt

5. Positivism at the turn of the century

III. Neo-Kantianism
1. Return to Kant

2. Marburg neo-Kantianism
a) Hermann Cohen
(1) Theory of knowledge
(2) Ethics and philosophy of religion
b) Paul Natorp
c) Ernst Cassirer

3. North-western trend of German neo-Kantianism
a) Wilhelm Windelband
b) Heinrich Rickert

4. The realistic direction of criticism

IV. Philosophy of life
1. Nietzsche
a) Philosophy of art and history
b) Nietzsche and metaphysics
c) Nihilism and its overcoming

2. Dilthey's hermeneutic philosophy
a) Dilthey and the tradition of hermeneutics
b) Doctrine of understanding

3. Bergson's philosophy of life
a) Spatio-temporal processes and duration
b) Thinking in images and non-image thinking
c) Intuition as knowledge of essence
d) Metaphysical doctrine of development

Part four: Philosophy in the first half of the 20th century

I. Further influence of old trends

1. Neo-Hegelianism
a) Hegelianism in England
b) Hegelianism in Italy
(1) Croce
(2) Giovanni Gentile

2. Marxism in the 20th century
a) Marxism-Leninism
(1) Lenin
(2) Lukács
b) Neo-Marxism

3. Neoscholasticism

II. Phenomenology

1. Husserl
a) Critique of psychologism
b) The ideal of strictly scientific philosophy
c) Turn to transcendental philosophy
d) Philosophy of the life-world

2. Phenomenology after Husserl
a) Scheler's phenomenological philosophy
b) N. Hartmann
(1) Metaphysics of knowledge
(2) The doctrine of categories
(3) Ethics

III. Existential philosophy

1. Kierkegaard as a predecessor of existential philosophy

2. Martin Heidegger
a) Phenomenology of Dasein
b) Reinterpretation of Kant's philosophy
c) Political engagement
d) Direction of "turn"

3. Karl Jaspers
a) The world, existence and transcendence
b) Philosophical faith

4. Jean-Paul Sartre

IV. Origins of analytical philosophy

1. G. Frege

2. B. Russell
a) Empiricism and platonism
b) Logical atomism
c) Russell's late philosophy

3. L. Wittgenstein`s philosophy in the "Treatise"
a) Understanding of philosophy
b) Main ideas of the "Treatise"
(1) Facts, states of affairs and objects
(2) Figurative theory of the sentence
(3) Self , language and the world

4. Philosophical analysis within the framework of ordinary language
a) J. E. Moore
b) "Philosophical Investigations " of Wittgenstein
(1) A new theory of meaning
(2) Criticism of mentalism and essentialism
(3) Criticism of the probability postulate

V. Pragmatism, neopositivism and critical rationalism
1. American pragmatism
a) Peirce as the founder of pragmatism
(1) Clarification of our ideas
(2) The doctrine of signs and categories
(3) Pragmatism and metaphysics
b) William James
(1) Views of the truth
(2) Pragmatism as a worldview
c) John Dewey

2. M. Schlick as a pioneer of neopositivism
a) Doctrine of knowledge
b) Ethics

3. Vienna Circle and directions close to it
a) The emergence of the Vienna Circle
b) Searches for the criterion of meaning
c) Reductionist programme
d) From ethics to metaethics

4. Popper's critical rationalism
a) Life and works
b) Popper and the tradition of criticism
c) Basics of knowledge
d) Knowledge and evolution
e) History of philosophy and history of science
(1) Thinking in an open and closed society
(2) Critique of the dialectical understanding of history

Afterword

APPENDIX: Philosophical trends in the second half of the 20th century

NOTES
LITERATURE
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